The capital of Kazakhstan is:

🧠 Explanation:

Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan since 1997, is a modern city known for its futuristic architecture, like the Bayterek Tower. Renamed Nur-Sultan from 2019 to 2022, it reflects Kazakhstan’s post-Soviet identity. Located on the Ishim River, it drives the nation’s economy and governance, hosting government institutions and foreign embassies. Astana’s planned design symbolizes national ambition, with landmarks blending tradition and innovation. Its strategic role in Central Asia makes it a hub for diplomacy and trade, studied in urban planning and geopolitics for its rapid development and regional influence.