Non-flowering plants are called as:

🧠 Explanation:

Non-flowering plants, known as cryptogams, include ferns, mosses, and algae, reproducing via spores without producing flowers or seeds. They thrive in diverse environments, contributing to soil formation and ecosystem stability. Cryptogams are studied in botany for their evolutionary significance and ecological roles, such as moisture retention. Their absence of flowers distinguishes them from angiosperms, making them a key focus in plant biology. Understanding cryptogams highlights biodiversity and environmental balance, essential in conservation and ecological studies for sustainable ecosystem management.